--- title: "Foreign Ownership and Defence Work: What Kills Deals | Astris Law" url: https://www.astrislaw.com/article/foreign-ownership-defence-work description: "Foreign ownership, control and influence concerns can affect DISP membership and defence contracting. What founders and investors in defence adjacent companies should resolve before the term sheet, not after." lang: en-AU --- Skip to main content ← Back to Articles: https://www.astrislaw.com/articles | Regulatory & Compliance →: https://www.astrislaw.com/practice/regulatory-compliance-consumer-law Insights 4 September 2026 • 6 min read # Foreign Ownership and Defence Work: What Kills Deals ## Summary Deals in defence adjacent companies rarely die on valuation. They die on ownership questions that were answerable at term sheet stage and got asked at completion instead. Foreign ownership, control and influence concerns can affect DISP membership and defence contracting, and structure is the part you cannot fix late. Last reviewed 4 September 2026 · Reviewed by Jamie Nuich (https://www.astrislaw.com/attorney/jamie-nuich), Legal Practitioner Director ## Key Takeaways - Foreign ownership, control and influence concerns can affect DISP membership and defence contracting. - Control and influence are broader questions than shareholding percentages, so standard investment terms can carry defence consequences. - The 2026 Australian Defence Export Catalogue requires companies to be Australian with at least 51 percent Australian owned IP for listed products. - Capital structure should be planned before entry into defence work, not repaired after. - For investors, a target's ownership and IP position is a pricing question, because eligibility is part of what is being bought. Image: Contract documents under review illustrating ownership structuring for defence industry transactions (https://www.astrislaw.com/images/articles/contract-review.jpg) In This Article 1. 1. In Brief 2. 2. Why Ownership Is the Gateway Question 3. 3. Influence Is Bigger Than a Shareholding 4. 4. The 51 Percent IP Rule 5. 5. What This Means for Founders 6. 6. What This Means for Investors 7. 7. Frequently Asked Questions Deals in defence adjacent companies rarely die on valuation. They die on ownership. Somewhere between term sheet and completion, someone finally asks how the target's capital structure sits with the security requirements of defence work, and the answer restructures the deal, reprices it or ends it. The frustrating part is that the question was answerable months earlier, when answering it was cheap. ## In Brief - Foreign ownership, control and influence concerns can affect DISP membership and defence contracting. - The Defence Industry Security Program is the security gateway for defence industry work, so anything that threatens DISP standing threatens the pipeline. - Control and influence are broader questions than shareholding percentages. - The 2026 Australian Defence Export Catalogue requires companies to be Australian with at least 51 percent Australian owned IP for listed products. - Capital structure should be planned before entry, not after, and for investors it should be diligenced before the term sheet, not after. ## Why Ownership Is the Gateway Question The Defence Industry Security Program is the security gateway for defence industry work, with membership levels and personnel security clearance requirements that scale with the sensitivity of what a company touches. Foreign ownership, control and influence concerns can affect DISP membership and defence contracting. Put those two sentences together and the commercial logic is stark: whatever affects your ownership profile affects your standing at the gateway, and whatever affects your standing at the gateway affects every defence dollar in your pipeline. That is why ownership is not a compliance detail in this sector. It is the load bearing wall. A defence adjacent company is, in a real sense, selling its eligibility alongside its capability, and eligibility is a function of who owns it, who controls it and who can influence it. ## Influence Is Bigger Than a Shareholding Founders tend to hear foreign ownership and think of a majority stake changing hands. The concern is wider than that. Ownership, control and influence are three different words for a reason, and arrangements that founders consider standard commercial terms can raise the question: who sits on the board, who holds veto rights, who the company depends on for capital or technology and where the ultimate decisions get made. None of this means foreign capital and defence work cannot coexist. Plenty of structures work. The point is that whether a particular structure works is a specific analysis, not a vibe, and the analysis produces very different options depending on when it is run. Run before the round closes, it shapes the terms. Run after, it shapes the restructure. ## The 51 Percent IP Rule For companies with export ambitions, there is a second ownership test hiding in plain sight. The 2026 Australian Defence Export Catalogue requires companies to be Australian with at least 51 percent Australian owned IP for listed products. That is a rule about your capitalisation table and your IP register, and it can be failed by transactions that felt routine at the time: the IP assignment into an offshore parent, the licensing structure built for tax efficiency, the acquisition that moved key technology out of Australian hands. The pattern to notice is that both the security gateway and the export shopfront run their tests through your corporate structure. There is no version of defence market entry where the structure question can be skipped. There is only a choice about whether it gets answered on your timeline or someone else's. ## What This Means for Founders If defence revenue is anywhere in your plan, capital structure should be planned before entry, not after. Every raise is a decision about which doors stay open. The round that solves this year's runway can quietly close a market you were counting on in year three, and the founders who navigate this well are the ones who put the defence lens on the term sheet before signing, not the ones with the best remediation story afterwards. ## What This Means for Investors For investors in defence adjacent companies, ownership analysis is diligence and pricing, not paperwork. A target whose structure supports DISP standing and catalogue eligibility is a different asset from one whose structure will need surgery before the pipeline is real, even if the two companies look identical in the data room. The same lens applies to your own participation: how your fund enters the structure can itself become part of the company's ownership, control and influence profile. Getting that right at entry protects the investment. Getting it wrong converts your capital into the problem. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### Does any foreign investment rule out DISP membership? No single rule of thumb is worth relying on. Foreign ownership, control and influence concerns can affect DISP membership and contracting, and the outcome turns on the specific structure, the specific investor and the specific work. That specificity is exactly why the analysis needs to be done rather than assumed either way. ### We already have foreign shareholders. Is it too late? No, but the options narrow over time. Structures can be assessed and reorganised, and doing it before a DISP application, a major bid or the next raise is materially cheaper than doing it in response to a problem. ### Does the 51 percent Australian owned IP rule apply to every defence contract? It is an eligibility requirement of the 2026 Australian Defence Export Catalogue for listed products. Whether it touches your company depends on where you intend to sell, but the structural discipline it rewards is the same discipline the rest of the system rewards. ### What should an investor check before a defence adjacent deal? The target's ownership, control and influence exposure, where the IP actually sits and how the structure positions the company at the security gateway. Those checks belong before the term sheet, because they price the deal. ### When is the right time to plan the structure? Before entry. That is the whole lesson of this article. The defence system reads your corporate history, and the cheapest version of that history is the one written deliberately. If foreign capital and defence work both feature in your plans, resolve the structure before the market resolves it for you. Start with our defence industry entry page (https://www.astrislaw.com/defence-industry-entry-lawyer), then Contact Astris Law (https://www.astrislaw.com/consultation) for a fixed fee structure review or call (07) 3519 5616 (+61735195616). ## Sources and References - Regulator Defence Industry Security Program - Other 2026 Australian Defence Export Catalogue eligibility criteria Share Share on LinkedIn (https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrislaw.com%2Farticle%2Fforeign-ownership-defence-work)Share on X (https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrislaw.com%2Farticle%2Fforeign-ownership-defence-work&text=Foreign%20Ownership%20and%20Defence%20Work%3A%20What%20Kills%20Deals)Share on Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrislaw.com%2Farticle%2Fforeign-ownership-defence-work) This article is for general information purposes only and does not constitute legal advice and should not be relied on as such. While we take reasonable care to ensure the accuracy of the information provided, we make no representations or warranties as to its completeness, currency or reliability. We accept no liability for any loss or damage arising directly or indirectly from the use of, or reliance on, this website's content. You should always seek professional advice tailored to your specific circumstances before acting on any information in this article. Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation. Related Practice Area Regulatory & Compliance https://www.astrislaw.com/practice/regulatory-compliance-consumer-law ## Raising capital near defence work? The round you sign this year decides which defence doors are open in three years. Astris Law stress tests capital structures against the defence gateway on a fixed fee, before the term sheet locks it in. Book a call back on (07) 3519 5616. (07) 3519 5616: +61735195616 Send an enquiry: https://www.astrislaw.com/contact ## Related Articles Insights ### 38 Compliance Actions in June: What the NDIS Commission's Enforcement Numbers Mean for Providers Read more https://www.astrislaw.com/article/ndis-commission-38-compliance-actions-june-2026 Insights ### The 1 October SIL Registration Deadline: Which Scenario Are You In? Read more https://www.astrislaw.com/article/sil-mandatory-registration-1-october-2026 Insights ### Could an AI Law Firm Launch in Australia? The Garfield Question Read more https://www.astrislaw.com/article/ai-law-firm-australia-garfield-question Book a call back (+61735195616) ## Structured data ```json [ { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": [ "LegalService", "LocalBusiness" ], "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/#organization", "name": "Astris Law", "legalName": "Astris Law Pty Ltd", "alternateName": [ "Astrons General Counsel", "Phronesis Litigation", "HeadStart Counsel" ], "url": "https://www.astrislaw.com", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.astrislaw.com/android-chrome-512x512.png", "width": 512, "height": 512 }, "image": "https://www.astrislaw.com/android-chrome-512x512.png", "description": "The Astris Law group gives directors and business owners the right legal capability for whatever their business needs, across corporate, disputes and regulatory. Not more lawyers than you need, the right one for the matter. Astris Law for one senior lawyer on high-stakes work, Astrons General Counsel for an embedded legal function, Phronesis Litigation for litigation intelligence, HeadStart Counsel for AML and CTF. One group, one standard, the right fit for each need.", "foundingDate": "2023", "founder": { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/attorney/jamie-nuich#person", "name": "Jamie Nuich", "jobTitle": "Legal Practitioner Director", "url": "https://www.astrislaw.com/attorney/jamie-nuich" }, "telephone": "+61735195616", "email": "mail@astrislaw.com", "contactPoint": [ { "@type": "ContactPoint", "telephone": "+61735195616", "contactType": "customer service", "areaServed": "AU", "availableLanguage": "English", "hoursAvailable": "Mo-Fr 09:00-17:00" }, { "@type": "ContactPoint", "telephone": "+61735195616", "contactType": "reservations", "name": "New matter intake", "areaServed": "AU", "availableLanguage": "English" } ], "aggregateRating": { "@type": "AggregateRating", "ratingValue": "5.0", "reviewCount": 12, "bestRating": "5", "worstRating": "1" }, "review": [ { "@type": "Review", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Katherine, Director" }, "reviewBody": "Jamie is someone any entrepreneur looking to change the game needs on their side.", "reviewRating": { "@type": "Rating", "ratingValue": "5", "bestRating": "5", "worstRating": "1" } }, { "@type": "Review", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Tracy, COO" }, "reviewBody": "Jamie was approachable, took the time to really understand our business, communicated well ...", "reviewRating": { "@type": "Rating", "ratingValue": "5", "bestRating": "5", "worstRating": "1" } }, { "@type": "Review", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Matthew, Director" }, "reviewBody": "... very educated in her field of law ...", "reviewRating": { "@type": "Rating", "ratingValue": "5", "bestRating": "5", "worstRating": "1" } }, { "@type": "Review", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Jenny, Investor" }, "reviewBody": "For anyone needing a sharp, reliable lawyer, I can't recommend Jamie enough.", "reviewRating": { "@type": "Rating", "ratingValue": "5", "bestRating": "5", "worstRating": "1" } } ], "priceRange": "$$$", "address": { "@type": "PostalAddress", "streetAddress": "Level 2, 8 Clunies Ross Court", "addressLocality": "Eight Mile Plains", "addressRegion": "QLD", "postalCode": "4113", "addressCountry": "AU" }, "geo": { "@type": "GeoCoordinates", "latitude": -27.5783, "longitude": 153.0996 }, "hasMap": "https://maps.app.goo.gl/KcW4jYe7iW7jHYHp8", "areaServed": [ { "@type": "City", "name": "Brisbane" }, { "@type": "City", "name": "Gold Coast" }, { "@type": "State", "name": "Queensland" }, { "@type": "Country", "name": "Australia" } ], "openingHoursSpecification": { "@type": "OpeningHoursSpecification", "dayOfWeek": [ "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday" ], "opens": "08:30", "closes": "17:30" }, "knowsAbout": [ "Dispute Resolution & Litigation", "Insolvency & Restructuring", "Corporate & Commercial", "Employment & Workplace Relations", "Regulatory & Compliance", "Intellectual Property, Technology & Data", "Property", "Disciplinary Law", "Administrative Law & WHS", "Anti-Money Laundering (AML/CTF)", "Corporate Law", "Commercial Litigation", "Regulatory Compliance", "Financial Services Law", "Anti-Money Laundering", "FinTech Law", "Intellectual Property" ], "hasOfferCatalog": { "@type": "OfferCatalog", "name": "Legal services", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "Offer", "itemOffered": { "@type": "Service", "name": "Dispute Resolution & Litigation", "description": "Strategic commercial litigation, debt recovery, injunctions and alternative dispute resolution for directors and business owners across Australia.", "url": "https://www.astrislaw.com/practice/dispute-resolution-litigation", "provider": { "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/#organization" } } }, { "@type": "Offer", "itemOffered": { "@type": "Service", "name": "Corporate & Commercial", "description": "Corporate and commercial advice for directors and business owners: company structuring, M&A, shareholder agreements, commercial contracts and director duties.", "url": "https://www.astrislaw.com/commercial-lawyers-brisbane", "provider": { "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/#organization" } } }, { "@type": "Offer", "itemOffered": { "@type": "Service", "name": "Employment & Workplace", "description": "Practical advice on Fair Work compliance, unfair dismissal, restraints of trade and workplace disputes for directors and business owners.", "url": "https://www.astrislaw.com/practice/employment-workplace-relations", "provider": { "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/#organization" } } }, { "@type": "Offer", "itemOffered": { "@type": "Service", "name": "Regulatory & Compliance", "description": "Defending and advising on ASIC, ACCC, AUSTRAC, NDIS Commission, AHPRA and WorkCover investigations, AML/CTF programs and Australian Consumer Law compliance for regulated businesses and professionals.", "url": "https://www.astrislaw.com/practice/regulatory-compliance-consumer-law", "provider": { "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/#organization" } } } ] }, "member": [ { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/attorney/jamie-nuich#person", "name": "Jamie Nuich", "jobTitle": "Legal Practitioner Director", "url": "https://www.astrislaw.com/attorney/jamie-nuich", "image": "https://www.astrislaw.com/images/jamie-nuich-portrait.jpg", "hasCredential": [ { "@type": "EducationalOccupationalCredential", "credentialCategory": "degree", "name": "Bachelor of Laws (Honours)" }, { "@type": "EducationalOccupationalCredential", "credentialCategory": "degree", "name": "Bachelor of Business (Distinction)" }, { "@type": "EducationalOccupationalCredential", "credentialCategory": "professional", "name": "Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Queensland" }, { "@type": "EducationalOccupationalCredential", "credentialCategory": "professional", "name": "Solicitor of the High Court of Australia" }, { "@type": "EducationalOccupationalCredential", "credentialCategory": "certification", "name": "Nationally Accredited Mediator (NMAS)" } ], "memberOf": [ { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Queensland Law Society" }, { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Australian Disputes Centre" } ], "sameAs": [ "https://www.linkedin.com/in/jamienuich/", "https://www.qls.com.au/register-of-solicitors/jamie-leanne-nuich", "https://www.youandthelaw.com.au/organisation/98611/astris-law-pty-ltd" ] } ], "sameAs": [ "https://astrons.astrislaw.com", "https://phronesis.astrislaw.com", "https://headstartcounsel.astrislaw.com", "https://www.linkedin.com/company/astris-law", "https://www.youandthelaw.com.au/organisation/98611/astris-law-pty-ltd", "https://maps.app.goo.gl/KcW4jYe7iW7jHYHp8", "https://lawzana.com/lawyer/astris-law", "https://www.gpmg.uk/awarded-companies/astris-law", "https://www.qls.com.au/register-of-solicitors/jamie-leanne-nuich", "https://www.linkedin.com/in/jamienuich/" ], "slogan": "You don't need more lawyers. You need the right one.", "subOrganization": [ { "@type": "LegalService", "@id": "https://astrons.astrislaw.com/#organization", "name": "Astrons General Counsel", "url": "https://astrons.astrislaw.com", "description": "External general counsel for established Australian businesses: embedded, partner-level legal support combining law firm depth with in-house continuity.", "parentOrganization": { "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/#organization" } }, { "@type": "LegalService", "name": "HeadStart Counsel", "url": "https://headstartcounsel.astrislaw.com", "description": "AML/CTF Tranche 2 compliance counsel for Australian professional services businesses.", "parentOrganization": { "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/#organization" } }, { "@type": "Organization", "@id": "https://phronesis.astrislaw.com/#organization", "name": "Phronesis Litigation", "url": "https://phronesis.astrislaw.com", "description": "Astris Law's in-house litigation intelligence engine: legal research at machine speed, strategy earlier and disputes run with fewer surprises.", "parentOrganization": { "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/#organization" } } ], "brand": [ { "@type": "Brand", "name": "Astrons General Counsel", "url": "https://astrons.astrislaw.com" }, { "@type": "Brand", "name": "Phronesis Litigation", "url": "https://phronesis.astrislaw.com" }, { "@type": "Brand", "name": "HeadStart Counsel", "url": "https://headstartcounsel.astrislaw.com" } ] }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "WebSite", "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/#website", "name": "Astris Law", "url": "https://www.astrislaw.com", "publisher": { "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/#organization" }, "inLanguage": "en-AU", "potentialAction": { "@type": "SearchAction", "target": { "@type": "EntryPoint", "urlTemplate": "https://www.astrislaw.com/articles?q={search_term_string}" }, "query-input": "required name=search_term_string" } }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "SiteNavigationElement", "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/#navigation", "name": "Main Navigation", "hasPart": [ { "@type": "WebPage", "name": "About", "url": "https://www.astrislaw.com/about" }, { "@type": "WebPage", "name": "The Group", "url": "https://www.astrislaw.com/philosophy" }, { "@type": "WebPage", "name": "Practice Areas", "url": "https://www.astrislaw.com/practice-areas" }, { "@type": "WebPage", "name": "Articles", "url": "https://www.astrislaw.com/articles" }, { "@type": "WebPage", "name": "Contact", "url": "https://www.astrislaw.com/contact" } ] }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/article/foreign-ownership-defence-work#webpage", "url": "https://www.astrislaw.com/article/foreign-ownership-defence-work", "name": "Foreign Ownership and Defence Work: What Kills Deals", "isPartOf": { "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/#website" }, "mainEntity": { "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/article/foreign-ownership-defence-work#article" }, "inLanguage": "en-AU" }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/article/foreign-ownership-defence-work#article", "headline": "Foreign Ownership and Defence Work: What Kills Deals", "description": "Deals in defence adjacent companies rarely die on valuation. They die on ownership questions that were answerable at term sheet stage and got asked at completion instead. Foreign ownership, control and influence concerns can affect DISP membership and defence contracting, and structure is the part you cannot fix late.", "image": "https://www.astrislaw.com/images/articles/contract-review.jpg", "datePublished": "2026-09-04", "dateModified": "2026-09-04", "author": { "@type": "Person", "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/attorney/jamie-nuich#person", "name": "Jamie Nuich", "jobTitle": "Legal Practitioner Director", "url": "https://www.astrislaw.com/attorney/jamie-nuich", "sameAs": [ "https://www.linkedin.com/in/jamienuich/", "https://www.qls.com.au/register-of-solicitors/jamie-leanne-nuich", "https://www.youandthelaw.com.au/organisation/98611/astris-law-pty-ltd" ], "hasCredential": [ { "@type": "EducationalOccupationalCredential", "credentialCategory": "Professional License", "name": "Admission to Practice", "recognizedBy": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Supreme Court of Queensland" } } ], "affiliation": { "@type": "LegalService", "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/#organization", "name": "Astris Law", "url": "https://www.astrislaw.com" } }, "publisher": { "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/#organization" }, "about": { "@type": "LegalService", "name": "Regulatory & Compliance", "serviceType": "Regulatory & Compliance" }, "mainEntityOfPage": { "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/article/foreign-ownership-defence-work#webpage" }, "isPartOf": { "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/#website" }, "speakable": { "@type": "SpeakableSpecification", "cssSelector": [ ".article-summary", ".article-description" ] }, "inLanguage": "en-AU", "wordCount": 1039, "timeRequired": "PT6M", "articleSection": [ "Insights", "Regulatory & Compliance" ], "keywords": "Regulatory & Compliance, Insights, regulatory, compliance, consumer, law" }, { "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Home", "item": "https://www.astrislaw.com" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Articles", "item": "https://www.astrislaw.com/articles" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "name": "Foreign Ownership and Defence Work: What Kills Deals", "item": "https://www.astrislaw.com/article/foreign-ownership-defence-work" } ] }, { "@type": "FAQPage", "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/article/foreign-ownership-defence-work#faq", "mainEntity": [ { "@type": "Question", "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/article/foreign-ownership-defence-work#faq-1", "name": "Does any foreign investment rule out DISP membership?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "No single rule of thumb is worth relying on. Foreign ownership, control and influence concerns can affect DISP membership and contracting, and the outcome turns on the specific structure, the specific investor and the specific work. That specificity is exactly why the analysis needs to be done rather than assumed either way." } }, { "@type": "Question", "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/article/foreign-ownership-defence-work#faq-2", "name": "We already have foreign shareholders. Is it too late?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "No, but the options narrow over time. Structures can be assessed and reorganised, and doing it before a DISP application, a major bid or the next raise is materially cheaper than doing it in response to a problem." } }, { "@type": "Question", "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/article/foreign-ownership-defence-work#faq-3", "name": "Does the 51 percent Australian owned IP rule apply to every defence contract?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "It is an eligibility requirement of the 2026 Australian Defence Export Catalogue for listed products. Whether it touches your company depends on where you intend to sell, but the structural discipline it rewards is the same discipline the rest of the system rewards." } }, { "@type": "Question", "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/article/foreign-ownership-defence-work#faq-4", "name": "What should an investor check before a defence adjacent deal?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "The target's ownership, control and influence exposure, where the IP actually sits and how the structure positions the company at the security gateway. Those checks belong before the term sheet, because they price the deal." } }, { "@type": "Question", "@id": "https://www.astrislaw.com/article/foreign-ownership-defence-work#faq-5", "name": "When is the right time to plan the structure?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Before entry. That is the whole lesson of this article. The defence system reads your corporate history, and the cheapest version of that history is the one written deliberately. If foreign capital and defence work both feature in your plans, resolve the structure before the market resolves it for you. Start with our defence industry entry page , then Contact Astris Law for a fixed fee structure review or call (07) 3519 5616 ." } } ] } ] } ] ```